WAEC 2025 Geography Paper 1 (Objective)

Time Allowed: 1 hour
Instructions:
Answer all questions. Each question is followed by four options lettered A to D. Choose the correct option for each question.

Section A: Physical Geography

1. Which of the following is a type of rock formed from cooled magma?
   A. Sedimentary
   B. Metamorphic
   C. Igneous
   D. Limestone

   Answer: C. Igneous

2. What is the process by which water changes from liquid to gas?
   A. Condensation
   B. Evaporation
   C. Precipitation
   D. Transpiration

   Answer: B. Evaporation

3. Which of the following is a feature of river erosion?
   A. Delta
   B. Meander
   C. Levee
   D. Floodplain

   Answer: B. Meander

4. What is the name of the layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth’s surface?
   A. Stratosphere
   B. Troposphere
   C. Mesosphere
   D. Thermosphere

   Answer: B. Troposphere

5. Which of the following is a cause of earthquakes?
   A. Volcanic activity
   B. Deforestation
   C. Soil erosion
   D. Wind action

   Answer: A. Volcanic activity

Section B: Human Geography

6. What is the primary occupation of people in rural areas?
   A. Trading
   B. Fishing
   C. Agriculture
   D. Manufacturing

   Answer: C. Agriculture

7. Which of the following factors influences population distribution?
   A. Climate
   B. Language
   C. Religion
   D. Culture

   Answer: A. Climate

8. What is urbanization?
   A. The movement of people from urban to rural areas
   B. The growth of cities and towns
   C. The decline of industrial activities
   D. The increase in agricultural production

   Answer: B. The growth of cities and towns

9. Which of the following is a problem associated with rapid urbanization?
   A. Increased agricultural output
   B. Improved housing conditions
   C. Traffic congestion
   D. Reduced pollution

   Answer: C. Traffic congestion

10. What is the main purpose of a map scale?
    A. To show the direction of a place
    B. To represent the distance between places
    C. To indicate the height of a place
    D. To show the population of a place

    Answer: B. To represent the distance between places

Section C: Practical Geography

11. Which instrument is used to measure wind speed?
    A. Barometer
    B. Anemometer
    C. Hygrometer
    D. Thermometer

    Answer: B. Anemometer

12. What is the primary purpose of a contour line on a map?
    A. To show population density
    B. To indicate areas of equal elevation
    C. To represent political boundaries
    D. To show vegetation types

    Answer: B. To indicate areas of equal elevation

13. Which of the following is a method of representing relief on a map?
    A. Hachures
    B. Symbols
    C. Colors
    D. Lines

    Answer: A. Hachures

14. What is the main function of a compass in geography?
    A. To measure temperature
    B. To determine direction
    C. To calculate distance
    D. To measure rainfall

    Answer: B. To determine direction

15. Which of the following is a type of map projection?
    A. Mercator
    B. Equator
    C. Prime Meridian
    D. Tropic of Cancer

    Answer: A. Mercator

WAEC 2025 Geography Paper 2 (Essay)

Time Allowed: 2 hours
Instructions:
Answer four questions in all: one from Section A, two from Section B, and one from Section C.

Section A: Physical Geography

1. (a) Define weathering.
   (b) Explain three types of weathering.

   Sample Answer:
   (a) Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller particles by physical, chemical, or biological means.

   (b) Three types of weathering are:
   (i) Mechanical weathering: This involves the physical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition. Examples include freeze-thaw action and exfoliation.
   (ii) Chemical weathering: This involves the breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions. Examples include oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation.
   (iii) Biological weathering: This involves the breakdown of rocks by living organisms, such as plant roots growing into cracks in rocks.

Section B: Human Geography

2. (a) What is population density?
   (b) Explain three factors that influence population density.

   Sample Answer:
   (a) Population density refers to the number of people living per unit area of land, usually expressed as persons per square kilometer.

   (b) Three factors that influence population density are:
   (i) Climate: Areas with favorable climates, such as moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall, tend to have higher population densities.
   (ii) Relief: Flat or gently sloping areas are easier to settle and develop, leading to higher population densities.
   (iii) Economic opportunities: Areas with abundant job opportunities, such as urban centers, attract more people, resulting in higher population densities.

3. (a) Define migration.
   (b) Discuss three causes of rural-urban migration.

   Sample Answer:
   (a) Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, either permanently or temporarily.

   (b) Three causes of rural-urban migration are:
   (i) Employment opportunities: Cities offer more job opportunities in industries, services, and commerce compared to rural areas.
   (ii) Better living conditions: Urban areas often have better infrastructure, healthcare, and educational facilities.
   (iii) Social amenities: Cities provide access to entertainment, recreational facilities, and a more vibrant social life.

Section C: Practical Geography

4. (a) What is a map scale?
   (b) Explain two types of map scales.

   Sample Answer:
   (a) A map scale is a ratio or relationship between a distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground.

   (b) Two types of map scales are:
   (i) Linear scale: This is a line divided into equal parts, each representing a specific distance on the ground.
   (ii) Representative fraction (RF): This is a ratio where one unit on the map represents a specific number of the same units on the ground (e.g., 1:50,000).

5. (a) Define contour lines.
   (b) Explain three uses of contour lines on a map.

   Sample Answer:
   (a) Contour lines are lines drawn on a map to join places of equal elevation above sea level.

   (b) Three uses of contour lines are:
   (i) Determining elevation: Contour lines help in identifying the height of different points on a map.
   (ii) Identifying landforms: Contour lines can be used to recognize features such as hills, valleys, and plateaus.
   (iii) Planning construction projects: Engineers use contour lines to plan roads, railways, and buildings by understanding the terrain.

Section D: Environmental Geography

6. (a) What is deforestation?
   (b) Discuss three effects of deforestation.

   Sample Answer:
   (a) Deforestation is the large-scale removal of forests, often for agricultural, industrial, or urban development purposes.

   (b) Three effects of deforestation are:
   (i) Loss of biodiversity: Deforestation destroys habitats, leading to the extinction of plant and animal species.
   (ii) Climate change: Forests act as carbon sinks, and their removal contributes to increased greenhouse gas emissions.
   (iii) Soil erosion: The removal of trees exposes soil to wind and water erosion, leading to reduced fertility.

Section E: Regional Geography

7. (a) Name one major river in Africa.
   (b) Explain three importance of rivers to the economy of Africa.

   Sample Answer:
   (a) The Nile River.

   (b) Three importance of rivers to the economy of Africa are:
   (i) Agriculture: Rivers provide water for irrigation, enabling the cultivation of crops.
   (ii) Transportation: Rivers serve as natural waterways for transporting goods and people.
   (iii) Hydroelectric power: Rivers are used to generate electricity, which supports industrial and domestic activities.

This concludes the simulated WAEC 2025 Geography paper. Let me know if you need further assistance!